General

Family nurse practitioners emphasizes on the detection of alteration in health, prevention, health maintenance and promotion of health through teaching, counselling and supportive intervention to an individual and families. In addition, family nurse practitioners performs disease care management such as management and diagnosis of acute, chronic and common conditions(ANCC, 2011). Like the clinical nurse specialists,

In the United States, clinical nurse specialists are require to have core competence in the area of specialty. The competence is key to patient care outcome, which include the skills, knowledge and confidence to provide best nursing practice(Xu, et al., 2014). The core competence is determined by the education and experience which is continuously modified

The clinical nursing specialist (CNS) is defined as an expert with specialized training to care for patients with expanded range of research-based, theoretical and practical competence. The clinical nursing specialists is expert in clinical nursing specialty, uses skills and in-depth knowledge, clinical experience to provide solutions for challenging health care issues. In the other hand

Introduction There are increasing number of people involved in drug use and abuse. The United Nations Office on Drug and Crime estimates that between 172 million and 250 million people used illicit drugs in 2009 and close to 38 million of that segment of population were drug dependent (Abadie, Diamond, & Hainmueller, 2010). Indeed drug

The scope of the problem of gangs in the United States has been difficult to assess. There is a general lack of consensus among the experts, researchers and the community on what constitutes a gang (White, 2008). According to (Bilchik, 1998), many jurisdictions in the United States deny that gangs exist. Moreover, the author points